Sharks: Learn to respect them
LONGIMANUS, Keys to behavior
The risk of being bitten is present in case of bad diving behavior.
Description : This shark is very easy to recognize with its shape that is both fusiform and massive. It has very large pectoral fins and a very high first dorsal fin. The end of these three fins are rounded and pearly white. Some scientists believe that this peculiarity would attract lower-ranking predators by contrast (light white spots in the blue) so that it could hunt. Its body is grey/bronze/tan above and white below. It is very often escorted by pilot fish (Naucrates ductor) and remoras (Remoras sp.). Not to be confused with whitetip reef sharks (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) or coral reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus).
Habitat : The oceanic whitetip shark is epipelagic. It is found in the open ocean throughout the tropical belt. It only rarely approaches the coast, to frequent the drop-offs and passes. This species prefers water temperatures above 20°C and lives between 0 and 180 meters deep. The dynamics and structure of their population are poorly known. It would be solitary according to some biologists, but could move in groups according to others. The males and females would be non-gregarious for part of the year to finally end up around the oceanic islands for the mating season in the fall. They regularly monitor communities of marine mammals (dolphins, pilot whales) on the high seas.
Feed : Opportunistic, it feeds on all bony oceanic fish (tuna, barracuda, marlin) or cartilaginous (rays, other sharks), squid, dead whales, turtles, marine mammals and even garbage! Like the tiger shark (Galeocerdo Cuvier), it acts as a “trash of the seas”. Marauder of the high seas, the scarcity of its potential prey pushes it to attack without notice when an opportunity arises. It feeds mainly near the surface.
Meetings with the man: The oceanic whitetip shark is one of the so-called potentially dangerous shark species for humans, although due to its habitat, it is rarely confronted with humans apart from shipwrecked people and divers. Although few attacks are officially attributed to it, some scientists consider the longimane shark to be the one that has most often attacked humans (does not necessarily mean fatal attack or bite but above all charges of intimidation, for example). But as it is only a question of hypothetical attacks on shipwrecked people, these do not enter into the statistics. However, it displays an inquisitive behavior towards divers and does not hesitate to approach very closely. It lives with an internal section of less than 3 meters and is therefore rarely shy when meeting humans. He can be territorial or even aggressive if he is under food stimulation.
Reputation : The oceanic whitetip shark is also referred to as the " castaway shark ". A powerful predator in its ecological niche, the longimane is one of the least fearful sharks towards humans. Due to its mode of predation, the rare encounters between it and humans, its size and its diet, it is one of the liveliest and most inquisitive sharks in the 0-10 meter zone. On attributes part of the losses of the castaways of the USS Indianapolis which sank off the Philippines in July 1945 to him. -5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_» for humans after the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), the bulldog shark (carcharhinus leucas) and the great white shark (carcharodon carias). That said, it is better to say that a situation is at risk or even dangerous, rather than a shark being dangerous ! However, it is necessary to display the greatest respect for the safety instructions in the presence of this shark so as not to worsen a situation.
Observation No. 1 :The oceanic whitetip shark does not react in the same way depending on the region, age and number of individuals. Indeed, its behavior will be different if the shark is alone or in numbers, if it is used to divers or not, and if it evolves with Humans on the surface, in scuba diving, close to the surface or at larger depths.
Observation No. 2 :Encounters with " longimanus " are multifactorial and take into account several significant criteria such as:
- The behavior of the diver (positions of the diver, calm, neutral, excited or panicked attitude)
- The spatial situation of the diver (in the blue, on the reef, under the boat or in the open sea)
- The depth of the diver (above, at the same level, below the shark or on the surface)
- The distance between man and animal.
Observation No. 3 : The offshore white fin is a fish with which it is easy to interfere because, not shy towards humans, it is he who will approach divers and decide on interactions . Until today, eight different types of approaches have been observed. Each action leads to a reaction. It is on this multifactorial theme that the study of these approaches is based.
Passive Approaches / Curious Attitudes :
- Passage :The shark is in the observation phase in its area of evolution. His swimming is calm, directed towards what has aroused his interest. It quietly passes around the diver(s) in its internal section in order to take as much information as possible from the signals of the subject of study (the Man). Generally, its only spatial limit is the surface. Avoid a prolonged stay on the surface which could send another message to the shark, and therefore change its behavior.
- Lateral approach : The shark swims laterally alongside the diver in order to derive information using its sight, lateral lines and ampullae of Lorenzini. By showing himself at the same time, he exposes his size and his power in the face of the unknown on his territory. It swims in the edges or even in its internal section by drawing approach phases in " 8 ". Maintain an upright position and do not fidget or end up on the surface.
- Territorial Patrol :The shark surveys its territory with trajectories directed towards the diver. His swimming is moderate and sometimes brisk with acceleration. Its movements are lively around the diver but not aggressive. He once again shows his territorial superiority through his body language. Most often, this behavior is observed under dive boats which can be likened to a potential source of food. In order not to distort the shark's attitude towards our " intrusion ", it is best to leave the area calmly. Its spatial limits are the surface, the area of the boat and the area of evolution of the diver, which explains the anxiety of the shark in its movements. Maintain an upright position and eye contact with the animal without backing away from its approaches as one of its natural prey.
Causes and Motivations :
- Curiosity
- Inspection of the territory
- Indifference
- Fear
Inquisitive approaches / Dominant attitudes :
The approaches described below are the result of not respecting the essential safety instructions required for interaction with this species. Let's say it again, once again : there are no dangerous sharks, only dangerous situations.
- Front load :This charge of intimidation, essentially based on territorial behavior, presents us here with a nervous shark. The animal faces the diver and stirs in the last meters of his approach. Despite the liveliness of the interaction, the shark is not aggressive and does not persist. Two scenarios are then possible : either the shark is from the start in an inquisitive approach phase because of the signals sent by the diver, or it reacts to a change in attitude on the part of the diver by its approach (linked to the stress signals sent by the diver, making the shark pass into a dominant status). Since the shark has changed its behavior to dominating in front, it is best to leave the area without wasting too much time before it becomes too inquisitive. Maintain an upright position, eye contact and react as little as possible to his approaches.
- Approach « blind spot »_cc781905-5cde-3194-6_bad-18d_bad:Any self-respecting underwater photographer knows this, never stare at a fish before it is within flash range. Marine animals are sensitive to the gaze. In addition, nature has drawn in the lemon butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus) for example a blue spot under its eye, giving it a larger size in order to warn its potential predators. The bigger the eye, the bigger the fish will be ! As you will have understood, fish do not like to feel observed, to watch because this reflects the attitude of a predator interested in a possible prey… At the top of the food chains, it is rare for sharks to feel observed. They become shy or even fearful and seek by all means to circumvent this permanent gene either by disappearing or by leaving your field of vision (see previous article). When a longimanus leaves your field of vision, it will be intrigued by your lack of reaction to its approach. Generally, when it approaches a diver, the shark receives electrical signals sent by the diver's brain and muscles (stress, increased cardio-pulmonary rate, etc.) in response to its approach. Going out of your field of vision, you no longer react, so you no longer send the same messages, which will have the effect of encouraging the shark to get even closer, sometimes even to contact. Essentially based on curiosity, this blind spot approach, so often repeated, can turn into an inquisitive round focused on the search for food ! Remember, as an opportunistic surface scavenger marauder, if you don't react to his approaches, he may see you as a potential food source. Never lose eye contact with the shark and always stand upright.
- Cross-approaches :This approach phase has several aspects. Indeed, the shark swimming above the divers is already in a dominant position (see previous article on the zones and spaces of evolution), so it does not consider the diver as a potential threat . In addition, it adopts a fast, jerky swim, with lowering of the pectoral fins and defined approach points. Its inquisitive behavior is based on territoriality. The oceanic shark then tries to intimidate the diver to drive him out of his territory. In order to achieve this, the shark will fly over the area where the intruder is moving at high speed before descending on him. It will practice these approaches with little interval crossing its angles up and down and down and up until the diver leaves the area. Challenging, this interaction phase can lead the shark to an inquisitive round if you don't leave the area quickly. As little agitation as possible is recommended with an upright position and permanent visual contact.
- Face to face :This behavior is intended to intimidate the diver. If the diver reacts weakly to the approach of the shark and his signals are less expressive, then the shark, which must be in full knowledge of the situation, will evaluate the diver until contact. The anxiety generated by such an interaction will both excite and stress the shark. If the diver, entrenched in his most extreme physical limits, still does not react, then the shark will have to make a tight 180° U-turn at the last moment to flee. In the opposite case, if the shark is in a dominant position, knows all the equations of the situation and takes the emotional advantage over the diver, the longimanus will not change course and jostle the diver to push him away . Both inquisitive and territorial, this approach generally occurs after several tens of minutes between you and the animal because the latter has taken the time to observe you and you have taken the time to get used to it. Maintain a maximum distance between you and the shark, vertical position and never step back.
- Ronde inquisitrice :Of all the approaches, this is surely the most taxing and the most difficult to manage. It appears when the shark understands that you are not a threat to him, nor even a pretender on his territory. When the oceanic shark enters this inquisitive phase, he knows that the diver no longer has any physical advantage in his space of evolution. You are in the blue, far from the reef, without a dinghy above you, in the current, in one of its hunting areas. At first it displays long concentric circles of observation followed by frontal charges, cross approaches and will try to get out of your visual field as much as possible. Absent of all fear concerning you, he will fix you as the central point of his approaches and will systematically return to contact by all possible means, relentlessly and becoming insistent. Despite all this, his swimming is not aggressive even if he is taken by acceleration or spasms when he comes into contact. Its nictitating membranes rise to protect its eyes, not to open its mouth. The best way to push him back is to maintain strong outward pressure on his gills (the vital point of breathing). If you hit him on the body with your flippers or your hands, the response to an attack is defense, see defense by attack ! Maintain a vertical position, stay grouped, move as little as possible, listen to the safety instructions given at the briefing, signal your presence on the surface (with a parachute) until the arrival of the tire . The arrival of the zodiac usually causes it to leave.
Causes and motivations :
- Curiosity
- Territoriality between shark : The sharks are regularly fed. Over time, they associate places with food. When they see a boat(s) of the same size they swim towards the spot and expect to be fed. No " recompense " does not lead to a "relationship" against divers. During the spawning period, the females delimit safe territories for the young juveniles so that they do not get eaten by other predators. Develops stress between sharks.
- Territoriality with the (s) plunger (s)
- Stress (sends prey signals to the shark)
- Electromagnetism (camera, muscle activity, brain activity)
- Noises
- Food stimulation
Observation No. 4 :Despite the different approaches and observations seen above, these explanations are the result of empirical research based essentially on daily observation. In conclusion, this information can be refuted, supplemented, detailed or even revised. A line of study is described above, going back to the behavioral habits observed by divers for more than ten years on thousands of dives.
Observation No. 5 :The best places in the world to swim with this shark are :
- The Egyptian Red Sea (oceanic islands and offshore reefs) - In Autumn
- The Bahamas (Cat island) - (April/ May)
- Hawaii (off Kona) - year-round
Observation No. 6 :Some recommendations for safely interacting with oceanic shark ?
- To avoid panic, be psychologically prepared.
- Adopt a vertical position to appear more imposing and allow the animal to know our intentions.
- Make as few movements as possible, no sudden gestures, no agitation so as not to excite the shark.
- Make as few bubbles as possible (avoid shortness of breath and excitement).
- Do not use a flash (stimulates the animal, annoys it).
- Never find yourself isolated.
- Do not end up on the surface (snorkeling strongly discouraged).
- Do not lose eye contact.
- Avoid drifting in the open sea far from the reefs.
- If the shark becomes too insistent, too inquisitive, leave the area.
- If not comfortable, leave the area calmly.
Clearly, diving with this shark implies strict compliance with certain safety rules and if you keep calm while respecting these instructions, you will have the only chance to enjoy a moment of intimacy with this majestic shark unfortunately in the process of to disappear from our oceans.
Threat to the species : The main victim of longline fishing, the offshore whitefin is extremely prized for its fins._cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_According to experts, the population of oceanic sharks is declining in different regions of the world by 70% to 99% ! As a result of these discoveries, the IUCN Red List status of the longimane changed from " quasi threaten " to "_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_vulnerable ”. In March 2013, the longimanus was added to Appendix II of CITES, and therefore fishing and trade in this shark requires authorization, and these activities are strictly regulated.
Documents on www.sharkeducation.com
Requins Océanique (Longimanus)
LONGIMANUS, Keys to behavior
The risk of being bitten is present in case of bad diving behavior.
Description : This shark is very easy to recognize with its shape that is both fusiform and massive. It has very large pectoral fins and a very high first dorsal fin. The end of these three fins are rounded and pearly white. Some scientists believe that this peculiarity would attract lower-ranking predators by contrast (light white spots in the blue) so that it could hunt. Its body is grey/bronze/tan above and white below. It is very often escorted by pilot fish (Naucrates ductor) and remoras (Remoras sp.). Not to be confused with whitetip reef sharks (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) or coral reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus).
Habitat : The oceanic whitetip shark is epipelagic. It is found in the open ocean throughout the tropical belt. It only rarely approaches the coast, to frequent the drop-offs and passes. This species prefers water temperatures above 20°C and lives between 0 and 180 meters deep. The dynamics and structure of their population are poorly known. It would be solitary according to some biologists, but could move in groups according to others. The males and females would be non-gregarious for part of the year to finally end up around the oceanic islands for the mating season in the fall. They regularly monitor communities of marine mammals (dolphins, pilot whales) on the high seas.
Feed : Opportunistic, it feeds on all bony oceanic fish (tuna, barracuda, marlin) or cartilaginous (rays, other sharks), squid, dead whales, turtles, marine mammals and even garbage! Like the tiger shark (Galeocerdo Cuvier), it acts as a “trash of the seas”. Marauder of the high seas, the scarcity of its potential prey pushes it to attack without notice when an opportunity arises. It feeds mainly near the surface.
Meetings with the man: The oceanic whitetip shark is one of the so-called potentially dangerous shark species for humans, although due to its habitat, it is rarely confronted with humans apart from shipwrecked people and divers. Although few attacks are officially attributed to it, some scientists consider the longimane shark to be the one that has most often attacked humans (does not necessarily mean fatal attack or bite but above all charges of intimidation, for example). But as it is only a question of hypothetical attacks on shipwrecked people, these do not enter into the statistics. However, it displays an inquisitive behavior towards divers and does not hesitate to approach very closely. It lives with an internal section of less than 3 meters and is therefore rarely shy when meeting humans. He can be territorial or even aggressive if he is under food stimulation.
Reputation : The oceanic whitetip shark is also referred to as the " castaway shark ". A powerful predator in its ecological niche, the longimane is one of the least fearful sharks towards humans. Due to its mode of predation, the rare encounters between it and humans, its size and its diet, it is one of the liveliest and most inquisitive sharks in the 0-10 meter zone. On attributes part of the losses of the castaways of the USS Indianapolis which sank off the Philippines in July 1945 to him. -5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_» for humans after the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), the bulldog shark (carcharhinus leucas) and the great white shark (carcharodon carias). That said, it is better to say that a situation is at risk or even dangerous, rather than a shark being dangerous ! However, it is necessary to display the greatest respect for the safety instructions in the presence of this shark so as not to worsen a situation.
Observation No. 1 :The oceanic whitetip shark does not react in the same way depending on the region, age and number of individuals. Indeed, its behavior will be different if the shark is alone or in numbers, if it is used to divers or not, and if it evolves with Humans on the surface, in scuba diving, close to the surface or at larger depths.
Observation No. 2 :Encounters with " longimanus " are multifactorial and take into account several significant criteria such as:
- The behavior of the diver (positions of the diver, calm, neutral, excited or panicked attitude)
- The spatial situation of the diver (in the blue, on the reef, under the boat or in the open sea)
- The depth of the diver (above, at the same level, below the shark or on the surface)
- The distance between man and animal.
Observation No. 3 : The offshore white fin is a fish with which it is easy to interfere because, not shy towards humans, it is he who will approach divers and decide on interactions . Until today, eight different types of approaches have been observed. Each action leads to a reaction. It is on this multifactorial theme that the study of these approaches is based.
Passive Approaches / Curious Attitudes :
- Passage :The shark is in the observation phase in its area of evolution. His swimming is calm, directed towards what has aroused his interest. It quietly passes around the diver(s) in its internal section in order to take as much information as possible from the signals of the subject of study (the Man). Generally, its only spatial limit is the surface. Avoid a prolonged stay on the surface which could send another message to the shark, and therefore change its behavior.
- Lateral approach : The shark swims laterally alongside the diver in order to derive information using its sight, lateral lines and ampullae of Lorenzini. By showing himself at the same time, he exposes his size and his power in the face of the unknown on his territory. It swims in the edges or even in its internal section by drawing approach phases in " 8 ". Maintain an upright position and do not fidget or end up on the surface.
- Territorial Patrol :The shark surveys its territory with trajectories directed towards the diver. His swimming is moderate and sometimes brisk with acceleration. Its movements are lively around the diver but not aggressive. He once again shows his territorial superiority through his body language. Most often, this behavior is observed under dive boats which can be likened to a potential source of food. In order not to distort the shark's attitude towards our " intrusion ", it is best to leave the area calmly. Its spatial limits are the surface, the area of the boat and the area of evolution of the diver, which explains the anxiety of the shark in its movements. Maintain an upright position and eye contact with the animal without backing away from its approaches as one of its natural prey.
Causes and Motivations :
- Curiosity
- Inspection of the territory
- Indifference
- Fear
Inquisitive approaches / Dominant attitudes :
The approaches described below are the result of not respecting the essential safety instructions required for interaction with this species. Let's say it again, once again : there are no dangerous sharks, only dangerous situations.
- Front load :This charge of intimidation, essentially based on territorial behavior, presents us here with a nervous shark. The animal faces the diver and stirs in the last meters of his approach. Despite the liveliness of the interaction, the shark is not aggressive and does not persist. Two scenarios are then possible : either the shark is from the start in an inquisitive approach phase because of the signals sent by the diver, or it reacts to a change in attitude on the part of the diver by its approach (linked to the stress signals sent by the diver, making the shark pass into a dominant status). Since the shark has changed its behavior to dominating in front, it is best to leave the area without wasting too much time before it becomes too inquisitive. Maintain an upright position, eye contact and react as little as possible to his approaches.
- Approach « blind spot »_cc781905-5cde-3194-6_bad-18d_bad:Any self-respecting underwater photographer knows this, never stare at a fish before it is within flash range. Marine animals are sensitive to the gaze. In addition, nature has drawn in the lemon butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus) for example a blue spot under its eye, giving it a larger size in order to warn its potential predators. The bigger the eye, the bigger the fish will be ! As you will have understood, fish do not like to feel observed, to watch because this reflects the attitude of a predator interested in a possible prey… At the top of the food chains, it is rare for sharks to feel observed. They become shy or even fearful and seek by all means to circumvent this permanent gene either by disappearing or by leaving your field of vision (see previous article). When a longimanus leaves your field of vision, it will be intrigued by your lack of reaction to its approach. Generally, when it approaches a diver, the shark receives electrical signals sent by the diver's brain and muscles (stress, increased cardio-pulmonary rate, etc.) in response to its approach. Going out of your field of vision, you no longer react, so you no longer send the same messages, which will have the effect of encouraging the shark to get even closer, sometimes even to contact. Essentially based on curiosity, this blind spot approach, so often repeated, can turn into an inquisitive round focused on the search for food ! Remember, as an opportunistic surface scavenger marauder, if you don't react to his approaches, he may see you as a potential food source. Never lose eye contact with the shark and always stand upright.
- Cross-approaches :This approach phase has several aspects. Indeed, the shark swimming above the divers is already in a dominant position (see previous article on the zones and spaces of evolution), so it does not consider the diver as a potential threat . In addition, it adopts a fast, jerky swim, with lowering of the pectoral fins and defined approach points. Its inquisitive behavior is based on territoriality. The oceanic shark then tries to intimidate the diver to drive him out of his territory. In order to achieve this, the shark will fly over the area where the intruder is moving at high speed before descending on him. It will practice these approaches with little interval crossing its angles up and down and down and up until the diver leaves the area. Challenging, this interaction phase can lead the shark to an inquisitive round if you don't leave the area quickly. As little agitation as possible is recommended with an upright position and permanent visual contact.
- Face to face :This behavior is intended to intimidate the diver. If the diver reacts weakly to the approach of the shark and his signals are less expressive, then the shark, which must be in full knowledge of the situation, will evaluate the diver until contact. The anxiety generated by such an interaction will both excite and stress the shark. If the diver, entrenched in his most extreme physical limits, still does not react, then the shark will have to make a tight 180° U-turn at the last moment to flee. In the opposite case, if the shark is in a dominant position, knows all the equations of the situation and takes the emotional advantage over the diver, the longimanus will not change course and jostle the diver to push him away . Both inquisitive and territorial, this approach generally occurs after several tens of minutes between you and the animal because the latter has taken the time to observe you and you have taken the time to get used to it. Maintain a maximum distance between you and the shark, vertical position and never step back.
- Ronde inquisitrice :Of all the approaches, this is surely the most taxing and the most difficult to manage. It appears when the shark understands that you are not a threat to him, nor even a pretender on his territory. When the oceanic shark enters this inquisitive phase, he knows that the diver no longer has any physical advantage in his space of evolution. You are in the blue, far from the reef, without a dinghy above you, in the current, in one of its hunting areas. At first it displays long concentric circles of observation followed by frontal charges, cross approaches and will try to get out of your visual field as much as possible. Absent of all fear concerning you, he will fix you as the central point of his approaches and will systematically return to contact by all possible means, relentlessly and becoming insistent. Despite all this, his swimming is not aggressive even if he is taken by acceleration or spasms when he comes into contact. Its nictitating membranes rise to protect its eyes, not to open its mouth. The best way to push him back is to maintain strong outward pressure on his gills (the vital point of breathing). If you hit him on the body with your flippers or your hands, the response to an attack is defense, see defense by attack ! Maintain a vertical position, stay grouped, move as little as possible, listen to the safety instructions given at the briefing, signal your presence on the surface (with a parachute) until the arrival of the tire . The arrival of the zodiac usually causes it to leave.
Causes and motivations :
- Curiosity
- Territoriality between shark : The sharks are regularly fed. Over time, they associate places with food. When they see a boat(s) of the same size they swim towards the spot and expect to be fed. No " recompense " does not lead to a "relationship" against divers. During the spawning period, the females delimit safe territories for the young juveniles so that they do not get eaten by other predators. Develops stress between sharks.
- Territoriality with the (s) plunger (s)
- Stress (sends prey signals to the shark)
- Electromagnetism (camera, muscle activity, brain activity)
- Noises
- Food stimulation
Observation No. 4 :Despite the different approaches and observations seen above, these explanations are the result of empirical research based essentially on daily observation. In conclusion, this information can be refuted, supplemented, detailed or even revised. A line of study is described above, going back to the behavioral habits observed by divers for more than ten years on thousands of dives.
Observation No. 5 :The best places in the world to swim with this shark are :
- The Egyptian Red Sea (oceanic islands and offshore reefs) - In Autumn
- The Bahamas (Cat island) - (April/ May)
- Hawaii (off Kona) - year-round
Observation No. 6 :Some recommendations for safely interacting with oceanic shark ?
- To avoid panic, be psychologically prepared.
- Adopt a vertical position to appear more imposing and allow the animal to know our intentions.
- Make as few movements as possible, no sudden gestures, no agitation so as not to excite the shark.
- Make as few bubbles as possible (avoid shortness of breath and excitement).
- Do not use a flash (stimulates the animal, annoys it).
- Never find yourself isolated.
- Do not end up on the surface (snorkeling strongly discouraged).
- Do not lose eye contact.
- Avoid drifting in the open sea far from the reefs.
- If the shark becomes too insistent, too inquisitive, leave the area.
- If not comfortable, leave the area calmly.
Clearly, diving with this shark implies strict compliance with certain safety rules and if you keep calm while respecting these instructions, you will have the only chance to enjoy a moment of intimacy with this majestic shark unfortunately in the process of to disappear from our oceans.
Threat to the species : The main victim of longline fishing, the offshore whitefin is extremely prized for its fins._cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_According to experts, the population of oceanic sharks is declining in different regions of the world by 70% to 99% ! As a result of these discoveries, the IUCN Red List status of the longimane changed from " quasi threaten " to "_cc781905-5cde-3194- bb3b-136bad5cf58d_vulnerable ”. In March 2013, the longimanus was added to Appendix II of CITES, and therefore fishing and trade in this shark requires authorization, and these activities are strictly regulated.
Documents on www.sharkeducation.com